What does the atomic number of an atom represent?

The atomic number of an atom specifically represents the number of protons contained in the nucleus. This fundamental characteristic defines the identity of the element: for instance, an atom with an atomic number of 6 is carbon, as it has six protons. The atomic number is crucial because it determines the chemical properties of the element and its position on the periodic table.

Furthermore, the atomic number directly influences the charge of the atom; since protons carry a positive charge, the atomic number also indicates the total positive charge of the atomic nucleus. In neutral atoms, where there are no additional charges, the number of electrons will match the atomic number, which balances the positive charge of the protons.

Thus, the atomic number is a key concept in understanding the structure of atoms, the nature of elements, and their interactions in chemical reactions.